Over The Years free essay sample

Over the years, what has the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants established? A standard that all accountants follow In what publication are most of the rules of accounting found? The CIA HandBook What does GAP stand for? Generally Accepted Accountant Principals Explain the business entity concept. Keeping Business and Personal Assets separate Explain the continuing concern concept. A Business is going to continue to run unless they claim not too Explain the principle of conservatism. Accounting should be fair and reasonable A customer who owes $500 to the business has recently died.The lawyer for the customers estate have told the business that there is only one chance in four of the debt being paid. Should the amount be included on the balance sheet of the business? No because it is not for sure you will get the money What GAP(s) affects this situation? Explain. Secured Creditors A contracting company is involved in a dispute over its bill to a customer. We will write a custom essay sample on Over The Years or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The bill for $500,000 was recently reduced to $400,000 by a decision of the courts. The company is appealing the decision. Which amount should be recognized on the balance sheet? Which GAP(s) affect this situation? Explain.Six months ago, you closed out your business. Now a person has expressed an interest in acquiring the business. The potential buyer requests a current balance sheet, but you provide her with the one that was prepared just prior to closing. Will the balance sheet be accepted by the buyer and her accountant?

Photography and Fact essays

Photography and Fact essays For many years photography has been used to document the most significant of events, whether they affect an entire society, like a war, or a specific persons' life, such as a wedding. The reason that photography is used for such occasions instead of painting, drawing or sculpting is quite simple. It is because photography is the most remarkable of the fine arts. Other forms of art, are aesthetically pleasing and important in their own rite, but photography is so monumental because of the power that only it possesses. This is the power to depict fact. One aspect that makes photography so creditable is that it can show feeling and emotion so much more vividly and doubtlessly than a drawing can. For instance, during the Great Depression "the harsh realities were recorded thanks to the initiative of the Farm Security Administration (Daval, 186)." At this time, Dorothea Lange "documented the bitter poverty of migrant workers and their families (20th Century Photography, 1). These images, such as Migrant Mother and Cotton Picker near Firebrough, show, so clearly and almost effortlessly, the pain and despair that was occurring too frequently at this time. There is a loss of hope that is so clear and evident in these photographs from the longing in the eyes of the images shown. Such raw emotion is hard to come by in any other art form. Another reason photography is more trustworthy than other forms of art, is because the image that appears in a photograph, whether it is of a person or an event, has at one point existed or happened. This statement does not always hold true for paintings, sculptures, and drawings. It is simple and usual for an artist to conjure up an image of a person that has never existed and turn them into a work of art. For example, there has been a great deal of speculation about whether or not Leonardo Da Vinci's Mona Lisa is a portrait of a real person. Before the relatively r ...

Robot Pets Versus Real Pets. for and Against Essays

Robot Pets Versus Real Pets. for and Against Essays Robot Pets Versus Real Pets. for and Against Essay Robot Pets Versus Real Pets. for and Against Essay Robot pets versus real pets. For and against Since thousand years human keep animals in his house. They shared him food, house and he spent his time to take care of them. In the modern age the technology entered human life. One of new invention was robot which becomes surrogate to pets. Robot does not need to special place to live and it does not need to medical care, but it cannot give people the benefits which real pets can give them to human. The following paragraphs will discuss using robot pets as an alternative of real pets. Robot pets take the place of real pets in human life. That carries many advantages to modern people. First of all, robot does not need much time to clean its body and its place like real pets. Secondly, real pets are main source of infection with diseases when there was not enough of medical care. Finally, robot does not perceive by the environment surrounding, but real pets become sick and die. On the other hand using robot as pets has many negative side effects. First human cannot learn from robot pets, but real pets can teach him to take responsibility and take him unconditional love. Second real pets playing role to assistant of persons who suffer from physical disabilities, but robot pets do that in narrow range. Lastly real pets encourage elderly to live actively because keep of animal mean new life. Although the needs of real pets food, place , health care and spend time to care by cleaning, however, that much less to offer the benefits of these animals , they learn human love, and to help him to live better life. I think that it could not to be replacement real pets with robot pets.

The Best AP Biology Study Guide

The Best AP Biology Study Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Studying for AP Biology is a big undertaking, and it can seem pretty overwhelming at first. However, if you get an early start and have the right strategies and tools at your disposal, you stand a strong chance of getting a great score on the test. In this complete AP Biology study guide, my goal is to provide you with all the resources you need to carry out a focused, effective study plan. I'll provide you with all the information you need to begin your journey to a 5 (nope, it's not too ambitious!). What’s the Purpose of This Guide? This AP Biology study guide will give you the tools you need to prepare for the final AP Biology test as well as any assessments you encounter in your class throughout the year.In the first section, I will give you some advice on how to structure your study plan for the AP test depending on your level of preparation and the amount of time you have before the exam.You may decide to skip this section if you’re not ready to start studying for the final exam yet, but you can also read it to get an idea of how you will organize things in the future. In the next section, I’ll provide some study strategies that will help you get the most out of the information and resources contained in this guide.Access to content won’t get you a great score unless you know how to absorb it efficiently and apply it to the format of the test! In the two sections following these tips, I’ll link to notes that you can use to study different aspects of the course.The first section covers all the basic content that's taught in AP Biology, organized by the course’s four "Big Ideas" (or main themes).The second section will link to descriptions of each of the labs you'll need to be familiar with in this course in case you lost any reports from earlier in the year! Finally, I’ll provide a list of online resources that you can use to practice your AP Biology skills and review the concepts you’ve learned. AP Biology Study Plans Before you decide on a study plan, I would advise you to take a practice test to see where you’re currently scoring.You can use a test in a review book or look online for sample tests from 2013 or later.Once you take and score this test, you can think more critically about how much time you need to spend studying for AP Biology.I’ll give you an example of two study plans; the 10-hour plan is if you’re hoping to improve by one AP point or just hone your skills so that you’re more solidly in the 5 range.The 20-hour plan is for students who are hoping to improve by around 2 AP points.Each plan has the same four components: #1: Take Practice Tests Beyond the default diagnostic test, you will need to continue taking practice tests as you study for AP Biology.This is a way to check your progress and get familiar with the format of the test so that you aren’t caught off-guard on exam day. #2: Analyze Mistakes on Practice Tests This is a critical component of AP Biology studying.After you take a practice test, you should sit down and go through your mistakes to see which content areas gave you the most trouble.This will help you to avoid studying irrelevant things or neglecting areas where your knowledge is weaker. #3: Study Weak Content Areas Based on the information you learn from analyzing your mistakes, you can focus on the content areas that need the most work.Your goal is to patch up all the holes before you take another practice test. #4: Revise Test-Taking Strategies This is another step you need to take after analyzing your mistakes.If you made mistakes due to time pressure or careless errors, you should think about changing your test-taking strategies to avoid this in the future.Try not to linger for more than a minute on difficult questions.Underline the most important parts of each question so that you don’t make careless mistakes! Here are the two plans broken down into their different components, with some rough guidelines for how much time you should spend on each step: 10 Hour Study Plan Analyze your mistakes on the diagnostic test: 1.5 hours Study relevant content areas and revise test-taking strategies: 2 hours Take and score another practice test: 4 hours Analyze your mistakes on the second practice test: 1.5 hours Final study session: 1 hour 20 Hour Study Plan Analyze your mistakes on the diagnostic test: 1.5 hours Study relevant content areas and revise test-taking strategies: 3 hours Take and score another practice test: 4 hours Analyze your mistakes on the second practice test: 1.5 hours Study content areas that are still giving you trouble and revise test-taking strategies again: 3 hours Take and score a third practice test: 4 hours Analyze your mistakes: 1.5 hours Final study session: 1.5 hours When I do crossword puzzles, I sometimes grade myself, so they're similar to AP practice tests except with no reward beyond the satisfaction of knowing arcane information that is usually completely irrelevant to my life. Fun fact: the apostrophe in Hawaiian words is called an okina. 4AP Biology Study Strategies AP Biology is a tough class that covers tons of complex information.If you want to use this guide to prepare effectively for the AP test and other tests throughout the year, you’ll need to use study strategies that complement the material.Here are a few of my recommendations: #1: When in Doubt, Draw It Out If you’re feeling shaky on your knowledge of a process or system in AP Biology, one helpful strategy is to draw it.This will both reinforce what you know and highlight what you still need to work on learning.Once you’re able to draw an accurate diagram of a system or process without looking at your notes, you can feel confident that you know how it works. For example, you could challenge yourself to draw a diagram of a cell membrane, label its different components, and explain their significance. You could also draw a process like mitosis that happens in clear visual stages or a more complex process like cellular respiration, where you might focus on one aspect at a time (glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain).This advice ties into the next strategy on this list. If you can draw a diagram, you haven’t just memorized facts, you’ve connected them to their place within a larger context. #2: Don’t Just Memorize - Make Connections Since the recent redesign of the AP Biology exam, the focus of the questions has beenasking students to demonstrate a deeper understanding of complex biological concepts.Memorization is still important for the test, but it won’t get you a good score if you do it in isolation.Each term or concept in AP Biology is connected to a larger theme, and it’s your job to understand those connections and their implications.This will enable you to answer questions on the test that ask you to analyze hypothetical scenarios based on your biology knowledge. So, if you're studying DNA structure and replication, you shouldn't just memorize the names of the nucleotides and the enzymes that aid in DNA replication. These things are important, and you should know them, but you need to go beyond this type of knowledge. How does DNA go from just a chain of molecules inside a cell to the foundation of every organism's individuality? How does it relate to reproduction and gene expression? How is it translated into the formation of other systems in the body? Each fact that you memorize should lead you to ask yourself questions like this to ground your understanding. Biology is not a collection of random tidbits of information but a web of interrelated concepts. The clearer this becomes to you, the better! #3: Know Lab Procedures Labs make up a significant portion of the AP Biology course, and the test reflects this fact.You should review all of your labs, and make sure that you understand their outcomes and methodologies.It’s especially important that you familiarize yourself with the fundamental building blocks of a good experiment.There are often questions on the test that ask about different experimental variables or require you to predict the outcome of an experiment.The more familiar you are with your labs, the more likely it is that you’ll be able to answer these questions easily based on your memory of similar experiments in class. #4: Use Practice Tests Strategically This tip is evident in my study plans in the previous section, but it’s worth mentioning again.You shouldn’t just study the material and expect to do well, especially on a test like AP Biology that requires a significant amount of analysis in its questions.You can use practice tests to judge which content areas need the most work and whether you need to revamp your test-taking strategies.Practice tests can be found in review books or online.Just make sure you use tests that are for the new version of the exam (69 questions in the multiple choice section, not 100!). If you take enough practice tests, you'll be able to see exactly where you're going wrong and how you can fix your mistakes. The same thing happens if you play enough chess games. The main thing you need to know about chess is that the horsey moves in the shape of a fancy couch. AP Biology Content In this section, I'll include notes on each topic area in AP Biology followed by a list of videos that cover these topics as well. Most students should probably start with the notes to gather a solid foundation of knowledge. If you're reading the notes and you feel like you're going to fall asleep, try switching to a video explanation instead. The notes are more in-depth than the videos, so you should probably read them all at some point, but you can alternate between the different formats depending on how you feel and which learning style works best for you. You can even take notes to reinforce the informationas you watch the videos or print out the notes and use them as a guide when watching a video explanation. Don't feel pressured to commit to one type of resource over the other - switching it up every once in a while will keep things from getting boring. Notes and Outlines Big Idea 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life Natural selection Hardy-Weinberg Biodiversity Vertebrates Invertebrates Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Protists Fungi Plant evolution Animal evolution Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce and to maintain dynamic homeostasis Molecular biology Water Carbon/molecular diversity of life Macromolecules Homeostasis Photosynthesis Cellular respiration Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport chain Anaerobic respiration Metabolism Cell structure Prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes Eukaryotic cell structure Cell membrane properties Active transport Passive transport Phospholipid bilayer Immune response Big Idea 3: Living systems store, receive, transmit and respond to information essential to life processes Genes DNA structure and replication Mendel and the laws of inheritance Cell cycle Mitosis Meiosis Cancerous cells Cell communication Viruses Endocrine system Nervous system Big Idea 4: Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties How Plants Work Plant Structure Transport in Vascular Plants Plant Nutrition Circulatory system and respiratory system Digestive system Excretory system Muscular and skeletal systems Ecology Behavioral Population Community Ah plants. They're like animals, but they eat the sun! Alive. Videos Bozeman Science This YouTube channel has a whole playlist of â€Å"AP Biology Video Essentials.† Topics of Special Interest: The New AP Biology Exam: A User’s Guide Photosynthesis and Respiration Transport Across Cell Membranes Cellular Organelles Mendelian Genetics DNA and RNA Nervous System Amoeba Sisters This is a YouTube channel with a bunch of cute videos that explain biological concepts simply and with a touch of humor. Topics of Special Interest (there are more if you check out the full playlist): Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis DNA Replication and Structure Protein Synthesis Osmosis Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Bacteria Plant Structure Inheritance Viruses Food Webs and Energy Exchange Systems of the Human Body Crash Course Full Biology Playlist (includes a couple of extra videos that aren’t on this list of main topics if you’re interested!) Topics of Special Interest: Heredity Natural Selection Population Genetics Species Classification (Taxonomy) Cellular Respiration Structure and function of animal cells and plant cells Cell Membranes and Transport Biological Molecules Photosynthesis DNA Structure and Replication Mitosis and Meiosis Plant Reproduction Ecology The Body’s Systems: Nervous System Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Digestive System Excretory System Skeletal System Muscular System Immune System Endocrine System Reproductive System Khan Academy There’s a long playlist of Biology videos on Khan Academy’s channel.These go more in-depth into various aspects of different biological concepts and are longer than the videos from the other channels.They’re a bit of a commitment, but they can help you become even more of a biology expert. At the original Khan Academy, everyone had to take Pillaging 101 as a prerequisite unless they got really high scores on the SAT (Scourge Aptitude Test). AP Biology Labs This section includes all the information you need to know about AP Biology labs. The documents I've referenced for each lab are the official College Board descriptions. They're pretty extensive, but you don't have to read every word; I'd recommend skipping to the second section of each document where the headings become red instead of blue (the blue section is more for teachers than students). Pay attention to the questions that are asked in the documents as each step of the lab process is completed. Contemplating and understanding the answers to these questions will help you to get a better handle on the purpose of the lab. At the very least, you should review the Background and Procedure for each lab to refresh your memory of what you did and why. Notes and Outlines There are thirteen labs included in the AP Biology curriculum.Here’s a link to a page that briefly goes through all of the labs you’ll do in a standard AP Biology class.These are categorized by â€Å"Big Idea† to match the structure of the course's content. Labs for Big Idea 1 1. Artificial selection2. Mathematical modeling (Hardy-Weinberg)3. Comparing DNA Sequences to Understand Evolutionary Relationships Labs for Big Idea 2 4. Diffusion and Osmosis5. Photosynthesis6. Cellular Respiration Labs for Big Idea 3 7. Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis8. Biotechnology: Bacterial Transformation9. Biotechnology: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA Labs for Big Idea 4 10. Energy Dynamics11. Transpiration12. Fruit Fly Behavior13. Enzyme Activity Make sure you go through the actual lab work you did in class as well. Reports and data based on your own experiences are the most valuable resources for this aspect of the curriculum. Videos Bozeman Science Labs 1 through 7 Labs 8 through 13 Unfortunately, I wasn’t able to find many videos going through the AP Biology labs because the current labs are relatively new, and most videos deal with the pre-2012 lab structure. Some types of labs are cuter than others. Study Resources to Test Your Knowledge In this section are some of the best resources you can use during your AP Biology prep. Quizlet This site has many different user-created sets of terms that you can use to review for the AP test or any other in-class tests.Check out thisUltimate AP Biology Vocabulary Review; there are over 1,000 terms to help you review what you’ve learned.You can study them in flashcard form and then quiz yourself all in one place!Quizlet also has tons of other AP Biology study sets that will help you review all the details you need to know for different units.You can sign up for free. Learnerator There are some good practice questionshere that cover the main concepts within each big idea of the AP Biology curriculum.I like that they include many questions about lab procedures to ensure that you don’t lose out on the lab aspect of biology studying.If you go through all the questions, the site will tell you whether you’re prepared for the test based on how many you answer correctly in each section.You should take this with a grain of salt, but it is helpful as a way to see exactly which concepts are giving you the most trouble. Clear Biology This site has a few different practice resources.Here’s a worksheet for grid-in questions as well as detailed instructions for answering these types of questions. And here are some tips for answering free response questions. Varsity Tutors There are tons of mini practice quizzes on this site for all the AP Biology topics, andthey’re rated by difficulty level, so you’ll know whether you really have a topic down. Diagnostic tests are also available for a more holistic look at your strengths and weaknesses. Barron’s You can take a free practice test on the Barron’s website without purchasing the review book.Choose between timed and un-timed versions: barronsbooks.com/ap/bio/. Wow, those were some XTREMEly awesome study tools! I don't know why I'm trying to relate to AP Biology students with a vague sports reference. But I'm sure some of you do the sports ball playing. Conclusion With the tips and tools in this AP Biology study guide, you should be able to formulate a comprehensive approach to studying. You can use these resources throughout the year as you build up your knowledge, or you can use them just in the month(s) before the AP test, depending on how you learn best. Here's a little review of everything I've covered. Your study plan should consist of: Taking practice tests Analyzing mistakes Studying weak content areas Revising test-taking strategies Some study tips to remember are: Draw out systems and processes so you can understand them better Don't just memorize facts, make connections to larger themes Make sure you're familiar with your labs and the principles of experimental design Take practice tests frequently You can use notes from your class as well as the notes in this guide as anchors for your studying. If you learn better by watching videos, you should definitely check out the video explanations of different concepts that I've listed above. And once again, don't forget to go over your labs!This is a tough subject, and there's a lot to remember, but if you give yourself enough time to absorb it all and are conscious of where you need the most improvement, you can master the skills you need to be successful in your class and on the test. What's Next? If you're taking AP Biology, you probably have big plans for higher education. Find out how many AP classes you should take in high school if you're looking at highly selective colleges. What does a high score on an AP test get you? Learn more about how AP credit works at colleges. Do you need to take a couple of SAT Subject Tests to submit with your college applications? Read this article for an explanation of the differences between AP tests and SAT Subject Tests and an overview of the challenges presented by each. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Literary analysis of Tim O'Brien's novel The Things They Carried- Essay

Literary analysis of Tim O'Brien's novel The Things They Carried- Relationship between Women & Men - Essay Example The reader is introduced to Mary Ann Bell as part of a story told by Rat Kiley. This is warning enough that the story may not be true, but it nevertheless portrays a certain kind of fantasy about women that the soldiers have. She is described in sexist terms as â€Å"This cute blonde†¦she’s got on culottes. White culottes and this sexy pink sweater† (p. 86) The importance of this character at the beginning is that she is sweet and innocent, and her clean pink and white clothes are a sharp contrast to the dirty green uniforms that everyone wears on the battlefield. Her boyfriend Mark Fossie is supposed to have arranged for her to come over to join him, and no doubt this is the dream of every soldier. The whole episode is obviously fantasy and wish fulfilment. The story of Mary Ann Bell’s corruption by the horrors of war is symbolized in her appearance when she is found in the creepy cave. The author stresses that she is the same person that she was before, an d yet something dreadful has happened to her: â€Å"She was barefoot. She wore her pink sweater and a white blouse and a simple cotton skirt.† (p. 105) This cheerleader image is shattered, however with the revelation: â€Å"At the girl’s throat was a necklace of human tongues.† (p. ... The innocent eyes of girls at home are contrasted with the fictitious Mary Anne Bell who did share the boys’s experience: â€Å"She was there. She was up to her eyeballs in it.† (p. 108) The legend of Mary Anne Bell is the legend of the girlfriend who turned into a better soldier than all of the young men and actually enjoyed the terror and the gruesome body parts and awful smells. Mary Anne Bell is both the idealized dream girlfriend, and the terrifying nightmare girlfriend who loses her cuteness and becomes just as depraved and hardened as the men. Neither version is a real person, of course. It seems that the men need these psychological extremes to love and to hate. Mary Anne Bell is a harmless target of their strongest emotions and thinking about her helps them to work through difficult feelings. Some of the male characters pretend that they are great lovers who can attract many women, and this betrays an attitude of seeing women as sex objects. An example of this is the stories that Rat Kiley told about his exploits: â€Å"If Rat told you, for example, that he’d slept with four girls one night, you could figure it was about a girl and a half.† (page 85). All of the women characters in the book are presented through the eyes of the soldiers and they are all to some extent used by the soldiers as objects. This kind of objectification can be insulting to women, but there are many occasions where the reader can see that there is real love going on between the soldiers and their wives and girlfriends. There is obviously a difficulty in doing this because the men are separated from their female friends and relatives, but in this situation small tokens are used instead. These are more than just souvenirs, but they become holders of deep

Socrates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Socrates - Essay Example It is however not well known how Socrates supported himself. Whereas some contemporaries point out that he got paid for teaching philosophy, others like Plato points out Socrates did not accept any payment, citing his poor status as a proof of lack of payment. During his late adulthood, Socrates married a young woman Xanthippe and together had three sons Lamprocles, Sophroniscus and Menexenus. Socrates however had little to do with the upbringing of his sons and more with the intellectual and philosophical development of the Athens youth. He also served as an Athenian soldier and participated in three military campaigns one in which he personally saved the life of a popular Athenian general (Cohen, 30). Socrates’ philosophy was greatly preoccupied with the notion of the good and evil of the society. His aim was to bring about an ethical society that depended on the inner need to live ethically rather than being guided by theological or other perspectives (Abel, 430). Socrates work therefore founded a basis for the development of theories of ethics and republic that were coined by later philosophers. First, Socrates believed that the true value of life is in the pursuit of true knowledge. From his perspective, â€Å"the unexamined life is not worth living† (Cohen, 46). To stress on ethics as a concept to die for, he does not accept exile when convicted and chooses to remain in Athens and face death in an environment where he could cross-examine people as he wished. Although he feels that he is the one wronged by the state and those who brought him to trial ( Abel, 11). In the light of the ethics, he proposed, Socrates explained further the notion of soul and the body. The soul and the body exist separately. â€Å"An orderly soul will, therefore, be able to rule over bodily desires†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and lead the thoughts towards what is ethical and true (Cohen, 46). After the accusations and ultimate conviction,

Program Theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Program Theory - Assignment Example To successfully carry out evaluation on this program, data collection was very crucial. The research methods that were applied in the data collection process included observation and use of semi-structured interviews by the research assistants (Chen, Wan & Lin, 1997). These two methods fall under the wider qualitative techniques that are deemed efficient in uncovering the people’s experience to different situations. In addition, the data collection methods did not require many participants hence making it less costly to carry out. The main drawback of the research method is the fact that the participation of only a section of the population (residents of Nei-fu) made it hard to draw statistical inferences to the rest of the country. My program the non-infectious diseases reduction program is derived from the Centers for Disease Control whose main goal is to protect public health. The main aim of this program will be to encourage outdoor sports activities meant to keep a person physically fit and free from lifestyle diseases. Some of the components of this particular evaluation that would be useful in my program evaluation are both the process and outcome evaluation. This will help in the determination of the success of implementation of the program based on the observed outcome. It will only be possible to conduct the program evaluation after a specific period of time in order to establish whether participants of the program have been able to adopted healthy lifestyles or behaviors during their engagement in outdoor sporting activities. Since changing a person’s behavior takes a while, the considerable time to conduct the evaluation is after four

Pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pollution - Essay Example By steps taken for eliminating toxic substances from production process and by diminishing production of harmful materials people can safeguard the environment and human health. Different forms of pollution Air pollution Air pollution can be caused when pollutants like carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, oxides of sulphur and nitrogen and also materials like dust, smoke and compounds of lead are emitted directly into the atmosphere. Global warming is caused by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (49% to 55%), chlorofluorocarbons (14% to 25%), methane (12% to 18%), nitrous oxides and other gases (13% to 19%). Some natural sources of air pollution are volcanoes, forest fires, â€Å"oceans, swamps, lakes, vegetative matter and insects† (Faiz, Sinha, Walsh and Varma, 1990, p. 3). Other sources which are caused by human activities are fuel like coal and wood burning and most importantly transport which is a major contributor towards air pollution. All the pollutants get dispersed in th e air and pollution is measured by the mass of the pollutants per volume of air. This depends on a number of factors like quantity of emission, altitude and atmospheric conditions. Rain cleans the air which gets rid of harmful materials, but these substances can react with oxides of sulphur and nitrogen to produce acids which may cause damage to buildings, forests and water bodies. This is popularized as acid rain. Solar radiation can produce ozone which can disrupt the atmospheric balance near the ground. (Faiz, Sinha, Walsh and Varma, 1990, pp. 3-5) Air Pollution To reduce air pollution it is necessary to set the standard of ambient air quality. In US there are two sets of standards of air quality and they are primary and secondary. The primary standard of air quality is designed in the way to protect the health of human beings and for this purpose those people who are more easily affected by air pollution (viz. children and the elderly people) are taken into consideration. Second ary standard of air quality is designed for general public welfare. This includes air pollution effect on soil, water, crops, animals, climate, economy and human comfort (Faiz, Sinha, Walsh and Varma, 1990, p. 8). In 1970, Clean Air Act Amendments was enacted and it changed the structure of air pollution control in US. This Act was further amended in 1977 and it imposed restrictions on plants and factories in areas having clean air to avoid any damage to air quality. Public concern about air pollution increased in the late 1980s and numerous bills were passed to improve the existing air pollution regulatory measures and also to deal with new problems like acid rain and global warming. (Bailey, 1998, pp.78, 79) Oil Pollution It was the â€Å"Torrey Canyon† incident in 1967 which awakened the public in regard to oil pollution. Since then the Oil Pollution Compensation has seen numerous changes. The incident caused the public to make loud protests against oil pollution. This led to development of international conventions to provide compensation to those who bear the cost of cleaning up or to those who face pollution damages from continuous spill of hydrocarbon mineral oil from tankers. These international conventions were developed under International Maritime Organisation. (Azab, Shorbagy and Ghais, 2005, p.3) In the Arabian Gulf, concentration of petroleum hydrocarbon (PH) average to about 26 ug/l of surface water and about 5 ug/kg of the bottom. As there will be continuous rise of production and transportation of oil, the concentration of PH in water will keep on growing especially in water areas where there is maximum flow of traffic.

What A Star-What a Jerk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What A Star-What a Jerk - Essay Example Usually, behavior problems involve violations of policies or work rules (Fallon, & McConnell, 2014). However, the noble thing Jane needs to do is to show that she has the authority and let Andy know what is acceptable and what is not. I once encountered an employee behaving like an Andy when I was a manager of a retail store comprised of several other employees. There was this one individual who thought that she could do as she pleased on my shift. She did her job well and treated other employees and customers with respect. The only problem I had with her was the way she communicated with me. I managed to handle this situation in a professional manner and from that experience, the behaviour of this individual significantly improved and she began to observe and respect the company policy towards management. Some form of behaviour simply needs to be corrected without necessarily taking disciplinary action against the individual employee behaving like an

The Blind Side Essay Example for Free

The Blind Side Essay â€Å"The Blind Side† is the true story of Michael Oher, a homeless teenager who was able to overcome great obstacles in order to become a first round draft pick in the NFL. Michael Oher had a rough childhood as he didn’t know his father and his mother was addicted to drugs. He was in and out of foster homes and at times living on the street. The football coach at Wingate, a private school, saw football potential in Michael and got him admitted into the prestigious school. However, he had learning disabilities and still did not have a permanent home. Leigh Anne Tuohy, the mother of a Wingate student, Collins, and wife of the owner of several Taco Bell restaurants, finds out about Michael’s predicament and invites him to stay the night at their home. Once Michael is in the Tuohy home, a close relationship develops between him and the Tuohys. The one night stay turns into a permanent living situation for Oher. Leigh Anne makes it her personal mission to make sure Michael has everything he needs emotionally and academically to graduate from high school and to get admitted to Ole Miss. After a successful college football campaign, Oher was drafted by the Baltimore Ravens in the first round in 2009, thus fulfilling his dream. This movie has it all. As you watch it, you experience the emotions of both sadness and joy, as you watch this young man go from being homeless to being drafted in the first round of the 2009 NFL draft. One of the saddest parts of the film is where Leigh Anne goes looking for Oher’s mother. You are able to see the awful environment in which he has grown up, including drugs and filth. On the other hand, one of the happiest scenes in the film is when Leigh Anne is having a meal with some of her wealthy white lady friends. They are discussing the possible adoption of Oher by the Tuohy family. One of the women remarks that Leigh Anne should really be concerned about the welfare of her beautiful, white daughter Collins. Leigh Anne tells the women they should be ashamed of themselves for thinking that way. There are also many scenes that will have you laughing. For instance, in one game scene, Oher blocks an opposing team’s player clear off the field. After the whistle, Oher says, â€Å"Sorry, Coach. I stopped when I heard the whistle. † The coach asks where Oher was taking the opposing player. Oher responds, â€Å"The bus. It was time for him to go home. † In that same game, the referee throws a flag on Oher. The coach asks why he threw the flag. The referee responds, â€Å"excessive blocking. † The sacrifices that the Tuohy family was willing to make for a complete stranger are inspiring. Sandra Bullock received an Oscar for her portrayal of Leigh Anne Tuohy. Other actors you may recognize in the film include Kathy Bates as Miss Sue and country singer Tim McGraw as Sean Tuohy. This movie was nominated for Best Picture at the 82nd annual Academy Awards, but lost to â€Å"The Hurt Locker†. I haven’t seen â€Å"The Hurt Locker†, but having seen â€Å"The Blind Side†, I find it hard to believe there was a better film released in 2009. I give this movie four stars and highly recommend it to anyone of any age.

Tesco PLC And Its International Communications Strategy Commerce Essay

Tesco PLC And Its International Communications Strategy Commerce Essay Tesco plc is the fourth largest retailer in the world after Wal-Mart, Carrefour and Home Depot, and the largest supermarket retailer in the UK, McLoughlin Aaker (2010, p126). The company was founded after WW1, and is widely recognised for having expanded its services during the 1990s away from groceries. In the last quarter of 2009 the company had a 31% share of the entire UK grocery market, with a reported gross turnover of 59.4 billion for the fiscal year 2008/2009. Cornelissen J (2005, p23) defines corporate communications at its most basic level as a management function that offers a framework and vocabulary for the effective coordination of all means of communications with the overall purpose of establishing and maintaining favourable reputations with stakeholder groups upon which the organization is dependant.   Cornelissen (2004, p32) provides an alternative synopsis of corporate communications via a historical perspective, defining five central or core themes. The realisation by the 1900s that organizations so as to stay afloat had to practice and engage through communications with a number of groups in the environment. For the larger part of the 20th century, managing communications had been defined predominantly via public relations and marketing divisions, this being an intrinsically limited approach, thus contemporary forms of communications management have integrated these divisions into the wider corporate communications function. Furthermore the shift from rigid to flexible market landscapes, and increasingly competitive marketplaces, this together with a greater call from society for corporate citizenship, pushing many organizations into stakeholder management strategies, and finally the relationship of corporate communications with the stakeholder era, and the need to build and ma nage relationships with stakeholder groups upon which the organization is economically and socially dependent. In this paper, Ill discuss and talk about The External and Internal communications. Identity, reputation and image, Culture and its influence in corporate communications for Tesco, The role of technology in corporate communication, Internal-the role of HR corporate Communication. Hargie D Tourish D (2004, p3) outline the scope of communication strategy and organizational success with an emphasis on internal communications proposing a systematic approach to the construction of a seaworthy communications strategy and the rigorous evaluation of all steps taken along the way. In the same way that Cornelissen J (2005), in the context of a historical understanding defines a shift in communications strategies and practices, the authors spell out a contemporary paradigm. Quirke, (1995, p76) is cited to have defined the traditionally bound or understood terms of organizational communication, such as the announcement of management conclusions, and the ensuring of consistent information, making messages easily comprehensible, and easy to disseminate. The authors go on to cite Quirkes further suggestions relative to the attempt to widen organizational participation and involvement, inclusive of the stimulation of thinking, participation and ideas, the networking of know how and learning across the organisation, the involvement of all employees in improving processes, the identification of ways of providing additional value to customer and lastly the expansion of what all employees believe is possible, Hargie D Tourish D (2004, p19), also see Quirke, (1995, p77). Quirke is further cited in so as to summarize this contemporary view of communications, the role of communication becomes not the top-down dissemination of management thinking, but the bottom-up means of connecting those who know what needs to change to those who have authority to make change happen. With respect to issues of external communications a number of fundamental questions are defined; who is communicating with whom? Which issues receive the most attention and arouse the most anxiety? How much information are people are receiving and sending on crucial issues? how much interpersonal trust exists; and how the overall quality of working relationships can be characterized? such iss ues are among the core concerns of efforts to establish what has been termed organisational climate (Lammers, 1994). The authors go on to outline the way in which a communications audit can be implemented citing a five stage sequential model devised by Baker, (1999) beginning with the selection of a topic, followed by an outlining of desired performance in relation to criteria and standards. The third stage entailing collection of objective data, fourthly the implementation of appropriate changes to improve performance, and lastly the collection of data to check for changes induced by the model. Van Riel suggests a framework for the coexistence of a number of communications functions in a single organization, this being particularly relevant to a company such as Tesco which as a result of its product and market diversification is concerned with a number or varying communication channels. Van Riels framework relates to internal concerns of an organization or company, as described by Barker Angelopulu (p371), Van Riel proposes a framework for organizations to stimulate cooperation among all relevant communication functions by defining the baseline of corporate communication. Three ultimate stages are devised by Van Riel, the definition of common starting points, the use of common operational systems and lastly the coordination of decision making. http://www.emeraldinsight.com/content_images/fig/1680120205001.png Figure 1, Van Riel, Internal Communications Framework McLoughlin, Aaker (2010) define Tescos success and growth over the past three decades directly in relation to its strategy and image, further relating it to market segmentation. The authors outline a number of strategic initiatives such as its managed range of four differing level brand product, finest range of premium products, Tesco healthy living, value range and Tesco organic range and furthermore describing the way in which the company changed customer perceptions of the brand itself, Secondly the company mantra has shifted form maximising shareholder value to maximising customer value. While the underlying objective is naturally to make higher profits this is specifically done while focusing on customer service (2010, p127). The third term which Damien McLoughlin, David A define is that of its diversification strategy which as outlined is based on four key principles, these being the innovation and expansion into the core UK grocery market and into areas like convenience store s; innovating through expansion into non food business like consumer electrics, clothing health beauty CDs and DVDs and even developing its non food finest and value ranges; expanding into retail services like personal finance telecoms and utilities by entering into joint ventures with major players in these industry sectors; finally, expanding internally which accounted for more than 25% of sales in 2008/9 with plans for further expansion in international markets including India and China, Damien McLoughlin, David A. Aaker (2010) Considering the expansion and diversification of Tescos services and products, in addition to the widening of its potential targeted market landscape, the initially defined terms of corporate communications devised by Cornelissen J (2005) and Hargie D Tourish D (2004), central to which are ideas of integration, and the crossing of functional boundaries, seem most appropriate. Despite the broad range of services and products offered by Tesco, there are in existence a number of unifying terms to which the organization would need adhere to, such as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), and an overall brand value. The organizations present a number of terms which embody the core purpose of Tesco as a business, Value via competitive prices, product choice and high food quality, helpfulness via customer service, availability and customer communications, inclusiveness via the means of ensuring that the organization appeals to a broad range of customers, something for everybody, and innova tion via new product development and retails services technology. Chaffey et al (2009) outline Tescos strategy of diversification predominantly in terms of internet marketing and implementation, citing the chief executive of Tescos Terry Leahy from the Sunday Times, we will be the worlds biggest online grocery retailer and we intend to become the UKs No.1 e-commerce business (Lorenz and Nuki, 1999), further defining the way in which Tescos affirmed expansion was aligned to its expansion in providing wider products and services, in 2000, the online services diversified, offering many non food product ranges and financial services. The terms of diversification are understood predominantly in relation to internet shopping and service innovations, By 2003 96% of the UK population could shop online with Tesco.com giving the commonly 65% of the UK online grocery shopping market and further diversification of product ranges, e.g. financial services and telecoms. Specific innovations such as DVD services to the door, a rental film DVD service, the provisio n of energy utilities whereby customers can save money on their house bills, initiatives and schemes to promote better health such as online -diet services which help customers to tailor their food shopping and diets, and telephone services, Currently Tesco is focusing on the development of TESCO direct, which offers customers a wide range of non-food goods as well as launching a range of own brand computer software. Currently Tesco accounts for approximately 66% of the UKs online shopping market. Dave Chaffey et al (640; 2009). Oliver (1997, p128) suggests a communications framework in relation to IT technology which ultimately aligns terms of cultural values and beliefs of an organization with the organizations vision. The author presents a model devised by Goldberg Sifonis (1993) titled communication framework, which relies on the assumptions of management which are adopted on an intuitive basis and that need to be communicated with internal and external stakeholders, as described by the author, from that, a dynamic campaign plan or communication framework is produced which clearly represents the cultural values and beliefs of an organization aligned to its vision, Oliver (1997, p128). It is widely referred to throughout literature that the role of HR in terms of wider communications strategies is immensely under emphasised, HR departments most often not being considered under the scope of a communications department. The U.S. society for HRM asserts the way in which communications and HR should be closely related within any organizational framework, specifying the role of HR in terms of communication as a way by which to assert any given culture as alive and healthy. HR is predominantly responsible for and concerned with internal communications in this respect. Turner (2003, p20) proposes a model which adapts the traditional framework of linking HRM and performance. Turners model incorporates communications into the entire model. For example at the stage of HR strategy, the author suggests good communication as a tool by which to join up HR policies and strategies. In terms of HR practices, the author outlines, effective people management practices to be communica ted to line managers, and directly in relation to terms of financial performance, the author suggests efficient communication of a culture of good people practice, this being particularly important to an organization such as Tesco plc, which falls into the category of a dominant, large multi-national corporation, at risk of gaining a bad reputation for this very reason. In this regard, HR can come up with different strategies which can be fruitful for the organization in the long run. Apart from making different rules and regulation for the organization, HR can be the beacon of light in devising strategies to enhance corporate communication and can train its employees to effectively deal with it. To Conclude this, Pelsmacker P et al (2005, p228) define a number of channels adopted by the Tesco organization so as to communicate to as wide a consumer market as possible. For example the authors define the Tesco club card magazine, describing the aims as the creation of fun and information, managing the communicated core Tesco brand values and services. The authors further outline the engendering of lasting brand loyalty, and contribute significantly to customer awareness of new areas and lastly the increase up take of other Tesco ventures particularly in non food, the authors go onto to describe, At forward publishing, they realised very quickly that you cant talk to someone in their twenties in the same way that you would to a person in their sixties, resulting in various targeted, specific magazines. The organization identified five life stages from Club card data, creating five different copies of the clubcard magazine. This is defined as just one initiative amongst many more such as Tesco lifestyle scheme and the Tesco loyalty program which gave the organization the ability to customize and further optimize the customer expertise. As an international organization, concerned with such a diverse range of services the Tesco organization embody and epitomize the very need to diversify and integrate communications approaches, as described by Cornelissen and to implement the bottom up means of connecting those who know what needs to change to those who have the authority to make change happen as defined by Quirke (1995). Further analysis of Tesco plc in terms of corporate communications would need to incorporate quantitative data in addition to a qualitative assessment; furthermore the role of a communications strategy would need to be discussed further, directly in relation to Tescos brand and product diversification.

Discussing the Chrysanthemums Essay example -- English Literature

Discussing the Chrysanthemums In studying the various schools of criticism and using them to decipher the inner workings of novels, short stories, and poems, it becomes apparent that they all share a common factor: a theme. The theme of a story is the general idea or insight, which is revealed by the entire story (Kennedy, 195). Although there are many themes that seem to be similar, it is difficult, perhaps impossible, to find to stories with identical themes. Two stories with similar themes, however, are "The Chrysanthemums," by John Steinbeck, and "The Yellow Wallpaper," by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. These two stories show the damage caused by male domination in the past. The short story "The Chrysanthemums" gives insight into the life of its author; John Steinbeck was born on February 27, 1902, in Salinas, California. The locale of the story is of key resemblance to the Salinas in which Steinbeck was born and bread. "Salinas was a typical American small town, [differing] only in location and a few distinctive features" (McCarthy 3). The story begins by displaying the setting: "The high grey-flannel fog of winter closed off the Salinas Valley from the sky and the rest of the world." Though this does not directly illustrate the theme, the setting plays a role in building Elisa Allen's "prison." The main protagonist in "The Chrysanthemums," Elisa Allen, is a mid-aged housewife who also has a passion for growing chrysanthemums. This passion expressed in the planting of these flowers brings out the suppressed romance in her life. The fact that she is childless seems to have sublimated her motherly instincts to produce extraordinary flowers. Nevertheless, "the plants and flowers cannot compensate for t... ...nius soon tells Ophelia that she must seek out Hamlet. Much to her dismay, Hamlet rejects her, and this begins a downward spiral for Ophelia. She begins acting in a depressed fashion, and everyone begins to think she has gone mad. Unfortunately, all the negative light placed upon Ophelia leads to her death. It is not certain whether she was murdered or whether she in fact committed suicide, but she came to a tragic end by drowning. The events in "Hamlet" and "The Chrysanthemums," though different in appearance show a very similar topic. The problem of male dominance is shown in both situations to devastate the emotions of the women. In showing respect and obedience for the male characters, the females are in fact hurting themselves. This theme of male dominance destroying the psyche of women has been, and will continue to be a major theme in literature.

Ernesto Che Guevara Essay -- Biography Ernesto Che Guevara Essays

Ernesto Che Guevara Ernesto "Che" Guevara has undeniably been one of the most powerful icons of the past fourty years. The Argentine revolutionary has had his picture widely printed on shirts and posters and has become a symbol for the (often young) anarchist. Yet, how many of us really understand or know what "Che" stood for? Do we know what his philosophy was about? Very few of us have taken the time to understand the goals and principles of Guevara and what he fought for - to death. Dr. Ernesto Rafael Guevara de la Serna (May 14, 1928 ? October 9, 1967), commonly known as Che Guevara, was an Argentine-born revolutionary and Cuban guerrilla leader. Guevara was a member of Fidel Castro's "26th of July Movement", which seized power in Cuba in 1959. After serving various important posts in the new government, Guevara left Cuba in 1966 with the hope of fomenting revolutions in other countries, first in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and later in Bolivia, where he was captured in a CIA-organized military operation. The CIA wanted to keep him alive for interrogation, but he was executed by the Bolivian army. After his death, Guevara became a hero of Third World socialist revolutionary movements, as a theorist and tactician of asymmetric warfare. It's in 1952, during a journey Ernesto made with his motorbike around South America, that he became harshly aware of the ravages of capitalism through the situation of the Native Americans. Influenced by the works of Jean-Paul Sartre, Pablo Neruda, Ciro Alegrà ­a and Karl Marx, Che Guevara devoted his life to fighting the "capitalist octopuses" to establish a socialist system that would be fairer to the people. As a young medical student Che set out on a motorcycle to travel around South America. The poverty and oppression and the impact of imperialism aroused his political awareness. In 1954 the Guatemalan government of Jacobo Arbenz attempted to nationalise the vast landholdings of the massive US multinational the United Fruit Company. The US government (which included two executive directors of United Fruit) organised an armed coup to overthrow Arbenz. Guevara who was in Guatemala at the time was appalled. He believed that well organised armed resistance could have defeated the coup and saved the Arbenz government. Escaping to Mexico he met a group of Cuban revolutionaries led by Fidel Castro, ... ...onary, humanist and extremely charismatic, Ernesto "Che" Guevara surely appeared as dangerous to many political leaders of the time, and still today, no one knows for sure who was behind his execution, in 1967. Two sides have particularly been designated as possible culprits: the CIA and Fidel Castro, who could have both felt threatened by the growing influence and determination of the revolutionary. Authentic to the extreme, Guevara dedicated his life, his existence to the cause he believed in, even if it implied sacrifices: "Our sacrifice is a conscious one; it is in payment for the freedom we are building." Today, "Che" has become a popular symbol while his image is too often dissociated from the philosophy that built it. Che Guevara remains, to many, a modern time hero, whose struggle and devotion made him one of the greatest revolutionary figures of all times. Maybe this incredible popularity is due to the humanist, sincere personality of a man who never stepped back, never sold out and fought passionately, to death ("Patria o muerte"). Maybe it is also due to the fact that, in today's world, many people feel that his fight is still necessary.  ¡Hasta siempre, Comandante!

Local and State Education Agencies Essay

Dear Colleagues, The purpose of this document is to provide a stand-alone guide for local and state education agencies faced with the task of designing a new or upgrading an existing automated student information system. While based on a chapter from the Student Data Handbook for Elementary, Secondary, and Early Childhood Education, this guide contains additional information from a variety of resources, most of which are cited in the text. Included in the contents are guidelines, checklists, and real-life examples. This document was commissioned by the National Education Statistics Agenda Committee (NESAC) of the National Forum on Education Statistics (a part of the National Cooperative Education Statistics System) and funded by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) of the U.S. Department of Education. Through contract with the Council of Chief State School Officers (CCSSO) and NCES funding, this document was developed by Barbara S. Clements of Evaluation Software Publishing, Inc. It is an adaptation of the chapter, Building a Student Record System, contained in the Student Data Handbook for Elementary, Secondary, and Early Childhood Education: 2000 Edition. Beth Young of NCES and Oona Cheung of CCSSO provided overall guidance to and management of this activity. Comments on the text were gratefully received from state and local education agency staff including Raymond Yeagley, Rochester (NH) School District, Lee Tack, Iowa Department of Education, Bethann Canada, Virginia Department of Education, and Carol Hokenson,  Minnesota Department of Children, Families, and Learning. Design assistance was provided by The Creative Shop. The original Student Data Handbook was developed in 1994 by NCES. It was the result of the collaborative effort and work of NCES staff and contractors, the NESAC Student Data Task Force, local, state and federal education representatives and researchers from around the country. We hope this document will provide you with useful and interesting information to aid in designing your automated student record system. The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) is the primary federal entity for collecting, analyzing, and reporting data related to education in the United States and other nations. It fulfills a congressional mandate to collect, collate, analyze, and report full and complete statistics on the condition of education in the United States; conduct and publish reports and specialized analyses of the meaning and significance of such statistics; assist state and local education agencies in improving their statistical systems; and review and report on education activities in foreign countries. NCES activities are designed to address high priority education data needs; provide consistent, reliable, complete, and accurate indicators of education status and trends; and report timely, useful, and high quality data to the U.S. Department of Education, the Congress, the states, other education policymakers, practitioners, data users, and the general public. We strive to make our products available in a variety of formats and in language that is appropriate to a variety of audiences. You, as our customer, are the best judge of our success in communicating information effectively. If you have any comment or suggestions about this or any other NCES product or report, we would like to hear from you. Introduction The national focus on student outcomes has placed an additional burden on our nation’s schools, school districts, and state education agencies, for they must monitor the achievement of individual students, as well as groups of students, and show that all students are meeting high standards for learning. An education organization’s ability to meet this challenge is affected by the organization’s access to complete, accurate, and timely information about its students. This booklet has been developed to help education organizations plan and implement efficient systems for maintaining and using individual student records so that effective decisions can be made for the benefit of the students. Many schools, school districts, and state education agencies already collect and use data effectively. However, the proliferation of new reporting requirements and dramatic changes in technology have had a profound effect on the need for student data and the education community’s ability to manage student records. Purchase of more powerful computer hardware and software and the reconfiguration of information systems have become essential components in efforts to meet the needs of all students. There is probably no single best information system solution that can meet the needs of all 90,000+ public schools, 16,000+ school districts, 27,000  private schools, and 57 education agencies in states and outlying areas. However, there are certain steps that could help all education organizations to determine the best solution for their particular situations. This booklet can lead education organization decision-makers through the process of making the best and most cost-effective decisions about information management systems devoted to individual student records. Building an Automated Student Record System describes steps that are useful for education organizations to follow when planning for, designing, and implementing an automated student record system. This booklet should be particularly useful if your school or district is moving from paper records to automated student records or if you are revising or replacing an existing system. In addition, you may find information that is useful if your state education agency is building a new student record system or expanding the collection of individual student records. Contents of this Booklet Included are twelve steps to consider when developing and  implementing an automated student record system. Many of these steps are relevant to the implementation of any administrative record system, but our focus here is on the special considerations relating to student records, including confidentiality and access. After a general discussion about student records and student record systems, each step is described. Examples, case studies, and checklists are included to help you work your way through the steps and make crucial decisions. Related resource documents will be described for some of the steps. It should be noted that this book is derived from a chapter that appears in the National Center for Education Statistics’ (NCES) Student Data Handbook for Elementary, Secondary, and Early Childhood Education: 2000 Edition. In addition, information from other documents developed or sponsored by NCES and the advisory group, the National Forum on Education Statistics, are referenced and parts included in this booklet. Each of these documents is described in the Resource List at the end of the booklet, along with ways to obtain copies of the printed documents or the online versions. Student record is, by definition, any written information about a student. Student records can be described in terms of their contents (e.g., courses taken, grade point averages), use (e.g., identifying students eligible for the free lunch program), and storage medium (e.g., a manila file folder). The maintenance of extensive, accurate, historical, and current data about individual students is essential to the functioning of schools and school districts, and can promote effective educational practices at all levels of the education system. The contents of the student record are determined by the uses of the records. Typical contents may include family information, courses taken and grades, special program participation information, immunization records, assessment scores, extracurricular activities, and other information that is used by the education system to promote student success and provide appropriate services. Some of this information should be standard across classrooms, schools, districts, and states, while other information can be unique to the particular classroom, school, or district. Student records are used for many important educational purposes, including instruction and guidance decisions; monitoring compliance with attendance and health laws; and administrative purposes, such as determining tuition status, scheduling students into classes, planning school bus routes, monitoring program completion, and completing reports for local, state, and federal authorities. The student record usually contains the information necessary for each of these purposes at the school or district level.  Instructional management systems are frequently linked to student record systems to provide more analytical capability for teachers and administrators. These systems allow for student learning plans, individualized education plans (IEPs), portfolios, and other student products to be stored and retrieved for instructional decision-making and achievement monitoring. A student record may be kept on file in a classroom, school office, school district office, intermediate agency, state education agency, or other approved location. The record may contain information collected from the student (or family); from teachers and other school staff; and from other sources outside the school, such as health care providers or testing companies. The record for a student may be stored in a central location (such as a school computer) for the convenience of anyone with authorized access and a need to obtain information; or there may be a separate paper or computer record maintained by each person who has contact with a student. Some parts of the record may even be stored outside the school, as happens when student health records are stored and maintained by the local public health service, or when state test scores are stored and maintained at the state education agency. No matter where the student records are stored, procedures must be in place to ensure that access is granted only to authorized individuals and that only authorized individuals have the capacity to maintain (update) the records. Student records traditionally have been kept only at the school or district level. In recent years, however, many state education agencies have begun to collect individual student records. State-level records typically consist of data about student characteristics, program participation and assessment results––a subset of the data usually maintained at the school and district levels. The purposes of state-level databases are to promote continuous improvement in schools, plan for program changes to help students achieve high standards, distribute funds, and hold schools and districts accountable for student achievement. Most of the information included in state-level databases comes directly from schools and districts, and the information may be transmitted electronically among levels of the state’s school system. In summary, a complete student record may be a single file, or it can be made up of several separate records, each with specific content or uses and each stored and maintained in a different way.

Impact of sea power upon history Essay

Introduction â€Å"The profound influence of sea commerce upon the wealth and strength of countries was clearly seen long before the true principles which governed its growth and prosperity were detected. † (Mahan 2004) Water covers over three-fourths of the earth’s surface. The entire human civilization lives on the remaining one-fourth area of earth. And only 3% of the entire water present on the earth’s surface is fresh water. This leaves most of the remaining part of earth’s water area, as large salty water bodies everyone knows by the name of seas or oceans. These are the facts known to all, but few really come to know and appreciate the power that seas have wielded in the development of civilization. Before man ventured out into the sea for traveling, he was just a semi-barbaric creature, with limited trading and social skills. As humans decided to venture beyond to uncharted sea territories, and discovered new lands and newer civilization, the world started to get close and hence the progress of mankind, other than strictly in the biological sense, came into picture. But, progress was not the only thing which sea brought; sometimes it also brought diseases like plague and big destructive wars to people residing on its shores. This paper will analyze all these issues, and will attempt to look at the effects these events brought to the civilization as a whole. â€Å"The history of Sea Power is largely, though by no means solely, a narrative of contests between nations, of mutual rivalries, of violence frequently culminating in war. † (Mahan 2004) History of Navigation History of Navigation can be traced back to centuries. Merchants in Egypt and Mesopotamia used to build large commercial vessels to carry and trade goods, more than 5500 years ago. In Egypt, sea voyage are even recorded in hieroglyphics, which can be dated back to 3200 BCE. One can take this as the starting point to trace the beginnings of navigation as a commercial pursuit. The first Western civilization in history, which is known to have developed the art of navigation at sea were the Phoenicians, more than 4,000 years ago. The popular stories of Helen of Troy were all related to sea travel. Phoenicians were in fact the first to use Pole Star for navigation, according to some accounts. Still under overcast skies, the navigation was usually based on sheer guesswork and intuition, till in about 2000 years ago, when Chinese created the first magnetized needle compass. This technique spread across the world in about a thousand years. In 12th and 13th centuries the science of making proper nautical charts and celestial almanacs began. By the 15th and 16th centuries, aggressive exploration of the world of the world started with explorers like Columbus getting funds from their respective Emperors to explore and enslave newer lands (Spera & Strom 2002). Nevertheless, it is wrong to think that the early explorers used to sail into the unknown without any idea of their final destination. It is true though that while searching for a specific land or route, the explorers were often surprised at the new lands they discovered. This was because many times the country they were seeking was only known in legend or rumor, the most famous example being Columbus, in the recent times. While the entire world is now charted and studied thoroughly, sea does not hold any less influence. The destruction brought by Tsunami is a very recent event. And even Mahan’s lines about sea and war, mentioned above, still hold true, as the countries still are always protecting themselves against attacks from other countries. Famous Historical battles Countless battles have been fought over the sea shaping the civilization, by up throwing older empires and making newer one. One of the most famous older battles is the Battle of Thermopylae between the Greek and Persians, changing the course of the entire war. As is mentioned in the section above, the aggressive exploration started in the 15th and 16th centuries, to enslave newer and older countries. Before this the exploration of the sea was usually only trade-oriented. Many of the 16th century explorations were funded by the reigning Monarchs who wished only to increase their area of reign (Stafford 2005). Major battles that were fought in this period were between English, Dutch, French and Spanish Monarchy. The popular battles were the Anglo-Dutch war 1665-1667, war England and France against united Provinces 1672-1674, between France and the entire Europe in1674-1678, battle of the Spanish succession 1702-1713 i. e. The Sea battle of Malaga, Sea battles between Britain and Spain 1748, Seven years war which establishes the English Supremacy over the seas 1756-1763, Naval war in America and West Indies in 1778-1781 which led the way to the American Revolution etc (Mahan 2004). These wars led to the building and destruction of colonies, and in turn exposed the people in the colonies to a wide array of culture and newer ideas which were previously only prevalent in the Europe, and had led to them being superiors over other cultures. Diseases brought by sea. Diseases is not a term usually associates with the sea, even though the possibilities are huge. However, the most destructive spread of Plague can be attributed to the seas and trade routes. Plague is one of the most destructive as well as the most incomprehensible disasters for humanity. While there is no direct relation between sea and plague, yet the spread of plague with sea from one to other port cities is a very relevant domain. The earliest and the best documented history of Plague was that of the Justinianic plague in the mid-sixth century. The Justinianic plague generally followed trading routes and therefore, was especially brutal to coastal cities. This plague originated either in Ethiopia, moving through Egypt, or in the Central Asian steppes, where it then traveled along the caravan trading routes. Finally through either of these locations the disease quickly spread throughout the Roman world and beyond (Smith 1996). Another very infamous Plague closely resembling, but much more destructive was the Black Death in 1348. The effect of sea on Plague is even worse in this case. The Plague started in China and made its way west across Asia to the Black Sea by 1347. One theory states that a group of infected Tartars besieged a Genoese outpost on the coast. Tartars harassed the trapped townspeople by hurling the dead bodies of their comrades over the town walls spreading the epidemic among the Genoese. The panicked inhabitants fled the scene by ship showing up in the ports of northern Italy and bringing the Black Death to Europe (www.eyewitnesstohistory. com). Conclusion The effect of sea on mankind has both – the positive effects of exchange of trade and ideas; and the negative effects of destruction and sometimes fatal diseases. One thing is clear however, no matter what the situation was, the mankind always managed to surge ahead learning newer things and forging newer relations. This has in the end brought only positive influences to the mankind in the longer run. References Books Mahan A. T, â€Å"The Influence of Sea Power Upon History†, 2004, Gutenberg. Stafford J, â€Å"Some Principles of Maritime Strategy†, February 16, 2005, Gutenberg Magazines Spera G, Strom S. R, â€Å"The Back Page: A Brief History of Human Navigation†, Crosslink Volume 3, Number 2, 2002, http://www. aero. org/publications/crosslink/summer2002/backpage. html Journals Smith C. A, â€Å"Plague in the Ancient World: A Study from Thucydides to Justinian†, The Student Historical Journal, 1996-97, http://www. loyno. edu/~history/journal/1996-7/Smith. html Websites â€Å"The Black Death, 1348,† EyeWitness to History, www. eyewitnesstohistory. com, 2001.

Committee on reorganization

Leone P. Aboard, DVD, which basically aims for appropriate alignment of descriptive titles of seventeen (17) positions to be reconciled to actual nature of work rendered by the respective incumbents thereto under the Office headed by the latter, entails no change In salary grade levels and/or step Increments. The Local Government Code of 1991 (Republic Act No. 160) gives the lawful authority to the Sanguinary Penalizing the determination of positions paid wholly or mainly from the provincial funds (Section 447), to which the subject Letter- Request pertains.However, Section 325(f) of the same law provides a limitation for the exercise of such authority by the SP, to wit: â€Å"(f) No changes in designation or nomenclature of positions resulting in a promotion or demotion in rank or increase or decrease In compensation shall be allowed except when the position is actually vacant, and the filling of such positions shall be strictly made In accordance with civil arrive law, rules and r egulations. The subject Request of the Honorable Governor complies with the Limitation abovementioned. In fact, it does not consist of promotion or demotion or of increase requesting Office had identified only twelve (12) positions to be re-titled. Because presently held by incumbents, such positions to be re-titled are requested in consonance with the certification issued by the Human Resource Management Office (HARM) of the Province.Thus, the positions of one Livestock Inspector V (Item No. 7) and four Livestock Inspector VI (Item No's. And 6), as originally listed by the questing Provincial Veterinarian, had been excluded due to the finding made by the Office of the Governor of the absence of approved Qualification Standards to be met by the incumbent appointees thereto set forth by the Civil Service Commission, and as another requisite to be met so pointed out in the certification issued by the HARM.

The Irregular Latin Verb Sum To Be

The Irregular Latin Verb Sum To Be The Latin word sum is perhaps among the best known of all the Latin verbs and it is among the hardest to learn. Sum is the present indicative tense of the verb esse, meaning to be. As with many other living and dead languages, esse is one of the oldest verb forms in Latin, one of the most frequently used of the verbs, one of the most irregular verbs in Latin and related languages. It is also often contracted in casual use (such as in English Im, thats, theyre, hes), becoming almost invisible to the listener. Etymology The progenitor form of to be is in the Proto-Indo-European  (PIE) language, the parent language of Latin, Greek, Sanskrit, Iranian, Germanic, and indeed most of the languages spoken in all of Europe, India, and Iran. Each of the PIE languages has a form of to be, perhaps because it is so eminently useful: sometimes to be can have an existential significance (To be or not to be, I think therefore I am), but also retains its use in everyday language. In etymological circles, to be is the b-root word, and like all of the b-roots probably is derived from an ancient PIE root, today reconstructed as *h1à ©s-mi (I am). It is also possible that to be in Latin derives from the root word *bhuH- meaning to grow.  Other closely related words to esse are asmi  in Sanskrit and eÃ… ¡mi in Hittite. Conguating Sum Mood Tense Person Singular Plural indicative Present First sum sumus Second es estis Third est sunt Imperfect First eram eramus Second eras eratis Third erat erant Future First ero erimus Second eris eritis Third erit erunt Perfect First fui fuimus Second fuisti fuistis Third fuit fuerunt Pluperfect First fueram fueramus Second fueras fueratis Third fuera fuerant Future Perfect First fuero fuerimu Second fueris fueritis Third fuerit fuerint Subjunctive Present First sim simus Second sit sitis Third sit sint Imperfect First essem essemus Second esses essetis Third esset essent Perfect First fuerim fuerimus Second fueris fueritis Third fuerit fuerint Pluperfect First fuissem fuissemus Second fuisses fuissetis Third fuisset fuissent Irregular Verbs and Compounds There are several other Latin irregular verbs and compound verbs formed from sum. Eo - to go Fio - to become nolo, nolle, nolui - to be unwilling and malo, malle, malui to prefer are similar. Volo - to wish Fero - to carry Sum - to becompounds: adsum, desum, insum, intersum, praesum, obsum, prosum, subsum, supersum Do - to give Edo - to eat

Writing Comparison and Contrast Essays

Writing Comparison and Contrast Essays Writing Comparison and Contrast Essays Writing Comparison and Contrast Essays Among different kinds of essays you have to write at school, comparison and contrast essays are perhaps the most interesting ones. Writing comparison and contrast essays develops your analytical skills, you can improve your ability to compare and make conclusions. Well, if you are not sure how to write a comparison and contrast essay, you are reading the right article. Starting your comparison and contrast essayTo make a good start of your comparison and contrast essay, make sure you know the basis for comparison. Start with providing some common features, after that find the characteristics which are different, and then make a conclusion. For instance, you do not know how to write a comparison and contrast essay on the Bible. Well, pick out one story which you like. For example, let it be a story about Cain and Abel. As a matter of common features, write that both of them worked very hard. Then, to contrast them, start with giving the infor mation that Cain worked in the field, and Abel was a shepherd. Then, write that Abel was humble and kind, and Cain was envious and mean. Once, both of them decided to make a sacrifice to God. While God accepted Abels gift, Cains sacrifice was neglected. That is why we can make a conclusion that God sees in a persons heart, it is impossible to hide anything from Him.Comparison contrast essay writing secretsWriting comparison and contrast essays, remember that it is important to sound emphatic. Sometimes it is not easy to find points to compare. For example, you may not know how to write a comparison and contrast essay on some modern book. Modern authors often avoid describing their characters as opposites; they want them to look like real people which have both positive and negative traits. This can complicate writing comparison and contrast essays. For instance, how to write a comparison and contrast essay on History? If you have to compare two poques, choose the main points to characterize. They can be the economical situation in the country, the demographical situation, the level of science development. Write some information about education and culture of these periods. Writing comparison and contrast essays on History, it is also important to mention the level of material welfare of people. In conclusion write in which poque peoples life was better. Now we think that you know how to write a comparison and contrast essay and you will easily complete your assignment.

Compare and Contrast Elizabeth and Lydia in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice †Literature Essay

Compare and Contrast Elizabeth and Lydia in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice – Literature Essay Free Online Research Papers Compare and Contrast Elizabeth and Lydia in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice Literature Essays In Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, the five Bennet sisters clearly divide into two groups. Elizabeth is head of the well-behaved girls and her equivalent Lydia, represents the badly behaved. Lydia’s misbehaviour is a significant catalyst for Elizabeth uniting with Mr. Darcy; however, it was through accident rather than design. Although Elizabeth expresses some concern about Lydia’s future happiness after she elopes, these two sisters hardly communicate with each other during the story. Both Lydia and Elizabeth are the favourites of the parent they most resemble in personality. While Elizabeth is least liked by Mrs. Bennet, Lydia is her favourite and therefore overindulged. Lydia Bennet is the youngest daughter and behaves very foolishly throughout the novel. Her only interests are bonnets, balls and flirting with the soldiers stationed in town and she causes Elizabeth great embarrassment, behaving immodestly at the ball. Lydia’s description is of being less beautiful than either Jane or Elizabeth, but her youth and high spirits make her appealing. Mr. Bennet had married a woman he found sexually attractive without realizing she was an unintelligent woman and Lydia is similar to Mrs. Bennet at the same age. Mrs. Bennet’s favouritism towards Lydia and her comments on how she was once as energetic as Lydia reveals this similarity. Like her mother, Lydia has little common sense, no judgement, and no understanding of the consequences that her behaviour has on her family, especially her two older sisters. She is unrepentant after her elopement and never considered that such a scandal would disgrace the whole family and ruin any chance of good marriages for any of her sisters. Lydia is uneducated, vain, and selfish. She fails to consider that her sister Kitty, who adores her, is upset at not being included in the invitation to Brighton. â€Å"Wholly inattentive to her sister’s feelings, Lydia flew about the house in restless ecstasy†(178). Not only does Lydia lack good sense and decorum, she is a bad sister too. In contrast, Elizabeth is an intelligent, young woman with a razor-sharp wit and rich sense of humour. Elizabeth has the ability to laugh off her misfortunate and continues to be optimistic despite her situation. She is her father’s favourite and they enjoy a close relationship. Elizabeth demands respect and wishes to acquire the kind of marriage that will allow her to retain her individuality. While not completely disregarding the financial situation of potential suitors, she is determined to marry for love. Throughout the novel, Elizabeth learns lessons and changes the way she thinks about some situations. She admits her own faults and overcomes her prejudice against Mr. Darcy. Elizabeth regards Jane as more noble and kind-hearted than herself and she becomes aware of her own social and emotional prejudice as she watches her sister. When her friend Charlotte marries Mr. Collins, Elizabeth condemns the marriage as ridiculous but comes to understand and accept the position her friend was in. The marriage between Mr. Collins and Charlotte is based on economics rather than on love. Jane Austen is not endorsing this kind of marriage, rather she is pointing out that it is the only option for a woman in Charlotte’s position (Teachman 66). Jane Austen describes Elizabeth as â€Å"strong and intelligent, yet bewitching in a completely feminine way†. Her moral integrity is highly evident in her refusal of Darcy’s first marriage proposal. At the time, she believed Darcy to be arrogant and she was furious with him for ruining her adored sister Jane’s, chance at happiness. Elizabeth is very sensible and tries to curb the behaviour of her sister Lydia. She has the for-sight to realize that Lydia is too silly and irresponsible to visit Brighton and Elizabeth is rightly afraid of the consequences of her sister’s actions. She advises her father to withdraw his permission, â€Å"†¦she will, at sixteen, be the most determined flirt that ever made herself and her family ridiculous†(179). It is interesting to note that Elizabeth went to her father with her concerns and not Lydia herself. The lack of interaction between Elizabeth and Lydia throughout the novel would suggest that they ar e not close at all. Elizabeth is a strong member of the Bennet family and she rushes to her family’s side when she hears of Lydia’s misconduct and the pain it is causing her family. Elizabeth’s closest relationship is with her older sister Jane; and they have a great friendship. Although Jane hides her feelings from most people, Elizabeth knows that she really loves Bingley and is hurt by his leaving. Elizabeth is deeply involved in helping Jane and Mr. Bingley unite and she cares deeply for the happiness of her sister Jane. So not only is Elizabeth a kind and sensible character, she is a good sister too. The worth of each character as a sister appears to influence their nuptials. The marriages of the two older Bennet girls seem to be ideal. Jane loves Mr. Bingley, and he is rich, kind and well liked by society. Elizabeth and Darcy’s marriage is the best match of the novel. The series of events which they both experienced gave them the opportunity to understand one another and the time to reconcile their feelings for each other. Their mutual understanding is the foundation of their relationship and will lead them to a peaceful and lasting marriage. They have physical attraction, financial security, romance and companionship. In contrast, Lydia’s marriage is the worst of the bad marriages in the novel and they are given the least happiness of all the couples. Much like the marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet their affection for each other is soon â€Å"sunk into indifference†(298). And despite the money that Darcy gave to Wickham, they are the couple in the worst financial situation. The best marriages in Pride and Prejudice are comparable to the best sibling relationships. Such relationships share the same warmth, honesty, loyalty, intelligence and understanding. Lydia’s marriage shows that love cannot be brought on by appearances, and must gradually develop between two people as they get to know one another. Love has been built up over a long period of time between the two sisters Jane and Elizabeth, as it has in the ideal marriage. Lydia’s elopement and marriage are typical of a relationship where physical desire has become more powerful than good sense. The wane of Wickham’s and Lydia’s passion is an inevitable outcome, and only a disastrous married life can be in front of them. Their marriage was based on appearances, good looks, and youthful exuberance. Without mutual love and respect, Lydia and Wickham’s marriage gradually disintegrates and Lydia becomes a regular visitor at her two elder sister’s homes when he r husband was gone to enjoy himself in London or Bath† (299). Through Lydia and Wickham’s relationship, Jane Austen illustrates that an impulsive marriage based on superficial qualities, swiftly cools and ends in discontent and unhappiness. Research Papers on Compare and Contrast Elizabeth and Lydia in Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice - Literature EssayComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoMind TravelHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesWhere Wild and West MeetAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyHip-Hop is Art

Scholarship Application Essay Writing

Scholarship Application Essay Writing Scholarship Application Essay Writing Scholarship Application Essay Writing: Secrets Scholarship application essay is one of the most exciting and one of the most difficult assignments to cope with at one and the same time. You have already struggled with your college admission essay and probably remember how it was difficult, panic striking, and brainstorming to write it. Now you are a student, our congratulations to you. That is why it is high time to think about getting scholarship for your study. The price for education is too high nowadays, and far not everyone is able to cover it. If you want to help yourself and your family to cover at least the expenses of your study, you can do nothing but win your college scholarship. Scholarship Application Essay Writing Pieces of Advice To receive the scholarship, you have to write scholarship application essay; this is not a secret: However, the question arises: how is it possible to write the successful scholarship application essays in order to win the scholarship? At this point, there are several secrets of the successful scholarship application essay writing and we are going to share them with you. The first secret is to look through several successful scholarship application essays in order you could understand what you have to write, which style you have to use, and how you have to advertise yourself in order to get your scholarship. The second secret is to spend a little time thinking before starting your scholarship application essay. You have to think over all the details you are going to write in your scholarship application essay in order to receive logically connected and coherent text. The third secret lies in the content of your scholarship application essay. Remember that the aim of your scholarship application essay is to get the scholarship. That is why you have to demonstrate all your strengths and to persuade the committee to award you with it. That is why you have to make them liking you and taking care of you. Final Tip: Use Custom Writing Service! The last but not the least secret in writing your successful scholarship application essay is to use custom essay writing service. With the help of our custom essay writing service, you will receive the professional consultation on the subject how to write the successful scholarship application essay. You can also order your scholarship application essay within the convenience of our site if you are not sure whether you can cope with such a task. Moreover, if you feel like writing scholarship application essays on your own, you can appeal to our site to edit your scholarship application essay. Read more: Editing Paper Term Term Paper Editing Free Literature Review Full Text Process Analysis Case Study Problem and Solution Essay

History of economic thought Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

History of economic thought - Essay Example Agricultural production also required the bigger number of workers if pursued in a highly organized manner, on a countrywide scale. Adam Smith (1776) in his The Wealth of Nations noted that it was this misconceived plan for economic development in Europe, which could have been initiated by private interests, that gave rise to widely divergent theories and schools of economic thought. Questions on the validity of an old development strategy became parent to new economic ideas and theories. Over time, these divergent ideas clashed on the multiple facets and problems of economic activity - labor, employment, capital, wages, production. But these conflicting views remarkably coincide on one bottomline: the need to distribute wealth equitably. Such is the case with the theses of Smith, Karl Marx and John Maynard Keynes, three intellectuals who tinkered with economic law and sought to bring it into accord with the rapidly changing workplace. The three lived and worked a full century apart from each other but all three saw the same ineffectuality of economic systems everywhere to let the proceeds of industry and the land flow to the working class. Smith published his The Wealth of Nations in 1776. Marx came up with his Capital: A Critique of the Political Economy in 1867 which appeared to have been undertaken to refute Smith's views. Keynes followed with his The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money in 1936 which drew its own conclusions based on the two theories set forth by Smith and Marx.Smith represented the classical economist who looked up to the precept of laissez-faire, which believes that the economy works best when you leave it alone and just let the market forces work out solutions to such problems as uneven distribution of wealth. Marx stood at the opposite pole, the chief proponent of the classless society which calls for state interventions in the marketplace. Keynes was somewhere in between, moderating the two extreme views on how to ameliorate the conditions of the laboring class. Incidentally, both Marx and Keynes agreed that prolonged and persistent failure to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor is likely to cause social upheavals, even armed revolutions. Their views differed on everything else. In their times, Smith, Marx and Keynes saw and described the disfranchisement of the lowly workers and peasants in almost the same manner. Smith, quoting someone else, observed that "150 landlords own half of England while 12 controlled half of Scotland's soil." Marx: "The wealth of nation flows into a few people's pockets." Keynes shared that sentiment and added that this income disparity is especially pronounced in prosperous countries. He said: "This is the paradox of poverty in the midst of plenty - the richer the community, the wider the gap between its potential and actual production, thus the more obvious and outrageous the effects of the economic system (on the poor)." Smith Economics The whole purpose of Smith's thesis was to improve the conditions of the lower ranks of people - the servants, workmen, laborers. Said he: "No society can flourish and be happy if the greater part